The British administration eventually achieved peace and security. Those who resisted British annexation or policies were portrayed by the British authorities as treacherous, reactionary rebels many of the same figures, however, were later hailed in Malaysia as nationalist heroes. The Brookes mounted bloody military campaigns to suppress headhunting (practiced at the time by many indigenous peoples of the interior) and to incorporate especially the Iban into their domain similar operations were carried out in North Borneo. In Sarawak in 1857, for example, interior Chinese gold-mining communities nearly succeeded in toppling the intrusive James Brooke before being crushed, while Muslim chief Mat Salleh fought expanding British power in North Borneo from 1895 to 1900. The Brookes and the North Borneo Company faced prolonged resistance before they consolidated their control, while occasional local revolts punctuated British rule in Malaya as well. Regardless of the political form, however, British rule brought profound changes, transforming the various states socially and economically. The British presence in the region reflected several patterns: direct colonial rule in the Straits Settlements, relatively indirect control in some of the peninsula’s east-coast sultanates, and family or corporate control in Borneo. Malaya and northern Borneo under British control.Early European intrusions and emerging sultanates.Prehistory and the rise of Indianized states.This Time in History In these videos, find out what happened this month (or any month!) in history.Britannica Explains In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions.#WTFact Videos In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find.Demystified Videos In Demystified, Britannica has all the answers to your burning questions.Britannica Classics Check out these retro videos from Encyclopedia Britannica’s archives.
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